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Gonococcal surveillance | Australian Sentinel Practices Research Network | HIV/AIDS surveillance | Meningococcal surveillance
Australian childhood immunisation coverage
Tables 1, 2 and 3 provide the latest quarterly report on childhood immunisation coverage from the Australian Childhood Immunisation Register (ACIR).
The data show the percentage of children ‘fully immunised’ at 12 months, 24 months and 60 months of age, for 3-month birth cohorts of children at the stated ages between October and December 2011. ‘Fully immunised’ refers to vaccines on the National Immunisation Program Schedule, but excludes rotavirus, pneumococcal conjugate, varicella, or meningococcal C conjugate vaccines, and is outlined in more detail below.
‘Fully immunised’ at 12 months of age is defined as a child having a record on the ACIR of 3 doses of a diphtheria (D), tetanus (T) and pertussis-containing (P) vaccine, 3 doses of polio vaccine, 2 or 3 doses of PRP-OMP containing Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccine or 3 doses of any other Hib vaccine, and 2 or 3 doses of Comvax hepatitis B vaccine or 3 doses of all other hepatitis B vaccines. ‘Fully immunised’ at 24 months of age is defined as a child having a record on the ACIR of 3 or 4 doses of a DTP-containing vaccine, 3 doses of polio vaccine, 3 or 4 doses of PRP-OMP containing Hib vaccine or 4 doses of any other Hib vaccine, 3 or 4 doses of Comvax hepatitis B vaccine or 4 doses of all other hepatitis B vaccines, and 1 dose of a measles, mumps and rubella (MMR)-containing vaccine. ‘Fully immunised’ at 60 months of age is defined as a child having a record on the ACIR of 4 or 5 doses of a DTP-containing vaccine, 4 doses of polio vaccine, and 2 doses of an MMR-containing vaccine.
A full description of the basic methodology used can be found in Commun Dis Intell 1998;22(3):36–37.
The National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance of Vaccine Preventable Diseases (NCIRS) provides commentary on the trends in ACIR data. For further information please contact NCIRS at: telephone +61 2 9845 1435, Email: brynleyh AT chw.edu.au
The percentage of children ‘fully immunised’ by 12 months of age for Australia decreased marginally from the previous quarter by 0.4 of a percentage point to 91.4% (Table 1). Important changes in coverage were seen only in the Northern Territory with coverage for ‘fully immunised’, DTP, polio, Hib and hepatitis B vaccines increasing by almost 5 percentage points. However, this apparent increase in coverage is a correction from the previous quarter where an administrative delay in data reported to the ACIR from the Northern Territory occurred.
Table 1. Percentage of children immunised at 1 year of age, preliminary results by disease and state or territory for the birth cohort 1 October to 31 December 2010; assessment date 31 March 2012
Vaccine |
ACT | NSW | NT | Qld | SA | Tas | Vic | WA | Aust |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total number of children | 1,197 |
23,584 |
889 |
14,505 |
4,842 |
1,527 |
17,673 |
7,603 |
71,820 |
| Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis (%) | 93.6 |
91.6 |
92.6 |
91.9 |
92.1 |
93.1 |
92.7 |
90.6 |
92.0 |
| Poliomyelitis (%) | 93.6 |
91.6 |
92.6 |
91.8 |
92.1 |
93.1 |
92.7 |
90.6 |
91.9 |
| Haemophilus influenzae type b (%) | 93.4 |
91.5 |
92.5 |
91.7 |
92.1 |
93.0 |
92.5 |
90.5 |
91.8 |
| Hepatitis B (%) | 92.7 |
91.3 |
92.4 |
91.6 |
92.0 |
92.9 |
92.3 |
90.1 |
91.6 |
| Fully immunised (%) | 92.7 |
91.1 |
92.4 |
91.4 |
91.9 |
92.9 |
92.1 |
90.0 |
91.4 |
| Change in fully immunised since last quarter (%) | -0.6 |
-0.5 |
+4.9 |
-0.1 |
+0.2 |
+0.0 |
-0.9 |
-0.6 |
-0.4 |
The percentage of children ‘fully immunised’ by 24 months of age for Australia increased marginally from the previous quarter by 0.1 of a percentage point to 92.7% (Table 2). There were no important changes in coverage for any individual vaccines due at 24 months of age or by jurisdiction.
Table 2. Percentage of children immunised at 2 years of age, preliminary results by disease and state or territory for the birth cohort 1 October to 31 December 2009; assessment date 31 March 2012*
Vaccine |
ACT | NSW | NT | Qld | SA | Tas | Vic | WA | Aust |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total number of children | 1,343 |
24,754 |
923 |
15,165 |
4,913 |
1,621 |
18,525 |
8,007 |
75,251 |
| Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis (%) | 96.0 |
94.8 |
95.7 |
95.0 |
94.8 |
95.3 |
95.5 |
93.2 |
94.9 |
| Poliomyelitis (%) | 96.1 |
94.7 |
95.7 |
95.0 |
94.8 |
95.3 |
95.5 |
93.1 |
94.8 |
| Haemophilus influenzae type b (%) | 95.8 |
95.0 |
96.0 |
95.0 |
94.8 |
95.6 |
95.4 |
93.5 |
94.9 |
| Measles, mumps, rubella (%) | 95.2 |
93.8 |
95.3 |
94.3 |
94.0 |
94.8 |
94.7 |
92.4 |
94.1 |
| Hepatitis B (%) | 94.9 |
94.3 |
95.5 |
94.5 |
94.5 |
95.2 |
95.0 |
92.7 |
94.4 |
| Fully immunised (%) | 93.5 |
92.4 |
94.4 |
93.1 |
92.5 |
93.7 |
93.4 |
90.7 |
92.7 |
| Change in fully immunised since last quarter (%) | -0.1 |
-0.1 |
-0.2 |
+0.6 |
-0.1 |
+0.3 |
+0.3 |
-0.2 |
+0.1 |
* The 12 months age data for this cohort were published in Commun Dis Intell 2011;35(4):328.
The percentage of children ‘fully immunised’ by 60 months of age for Australia increased from the previous quarter by 0.2 of a percentage point to 90.1% (Table 3). This is the first time coverage for this milestone has reached 90% since coverage was first calculated at the 72-month age milestone in March 2002. There were no important changes in coverage for any individual vaccines due at 60 months of age or by jurisdiction.
Table 3. Percentage of children immunised at 5 years of age, preliminary results by disease and state or territory for the birth cohort 1 October to 31 December 2006; assessment date 31 March 2012
Vaccine |
ACT | NSW | NT | Qld | SA | Tas | Vic | WA | Aust |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total number of children | 1,190 |
24,154 |
878 |
15,014 |
4,868 |
1,641 |
18,332 |
7,784 |
73,861 |
| Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis (%) | 91.6 |
90.8 |
91.2 |
91.2 |
87.6 |
91.4 |
92.0 |
88.0 |
90.7 |
| Poliomyelitis (%) | 91.5 |
90.7 |
91.2 |
91.1 |
87.5 |
91.4 |
91.9 |
87.9 |
90.6 |
| Measles, mumps, rubella (%) | 91.5 |
90.7 |
91.1 |
91.0 |
87.3 |
91.5 |
91.8 |
87.7 |
90.5 |
| Fully immunised (%) | 91.2 |
90.3 |
90.8 |
90.7 |
86.9 |
91.0 |
91.4 |
87.2 |
90.1 |
| Change in fully immunised since last quarter (%) | -1.3 |
+0.6 |
+3.2 |
+0.3 |
-1.2 |
-0.1 |
-0.2 |
+0.4 |
+0.2 |
The Figure shows the trends in vaccination coverage from the first ACIR-derived published coverage estimates in 1997 to the current estimates. There is a clear trend of increasing vaccination coverage over time for children aged 12 months, 24 months and 60 months (from December 2007). Coverage at 60 months of age is close to the coverage levels attained at 12 and 24 months.
Figure: Trends in vaccination coverage, Australia, 1997 to 31 December 2011, by age cohorts
Australian Sentinel Practices Research Network
The Australian Sentinel Practices Research Network (ASPREN) is a national surveillance system that is funded by the Commonwealth’s Department of Health and Ageing, owned and operated by the Royal Australian College of General Practitioners and directed through the Discipline of General Practice at the University of Adelaide.
The network consists of general practitioners who report presentations on a number of defined medical conditions each week. ASPREN was established in 1991 to provide a rapid monitoring scheme for infectious diseases that can alert public health officials of epidemics in their early stages as well as play a role in the evaluation of public health campaigns and research of conditions commonly seen in general practice. Electronic, web-based data collection was established in 2006.
Since 2010, ASPREN GPs have been collecting nasal swab samples for laboratory testing, allowing for viral testing of 25% of ILI patients for a range of respiratory viruses including influenza A, influenza B and H1N1(2009).
The list of conditions reported is reviewed annually by the ASPREN management committee. In 2012, four conditions are being monitored. They include influenza-like illness (ILI), gastroenteritis and varicella infections (chickenpox and shingles). Definitions of these conditions are described in Surveillance systems reported in CDI, published in Commun Dis Intell 2008; 32:135.
Reporting period 1 January to 31 March 2012
Sentinel practices contributing to ASPREN were located in all 8 jurisdictions in Australia. A total of 135 general practitioners contributed data to ASPREN in the 1st quarter of 2012. Each week an average of 113 general practitioners provided information to ASPREN at an average of 10,423 (range 4,814 to 12,335) consultations per week and an average of 106 (range 72–150) notifications per week.
ILI rates reported from 1 January to 31 March 2012 averaged 4 cases per 1,000 consultations (range 2–6 cases per 1,000 consultations). This was slightly lower compared with rates in the same reporting period in 2011, which averaged 5 cases per 1,000 consultations (range 2–6 cases per 1,000 consultations) (Figure 1).
Figure 1: Consultation rates for influenza like illness, ASPREN, 1 January 2011 to 31 March 2012, by week of report
Data table for ASPREN Figure 1
ILI swab testing has continued during 2012. The most commonly reported virus during this reporting period was rhinovirus (11% of all swabs performed), with the second most common virus being influenza A (untyped) (10% of all swabs performed).
From the beginning of 2012 to the end of week 13, 21 cases of influenza had been detected, the majority of these being influenza A (untyped) (10% of all swabs performed), influenza B (3% of all swabs performed) and the remainder H1N1(2009) (0.5% of all swabs performed) (Figure 2).
Figure 2: Influenza-like illness swab testing results, ASPREN, 1 January to 31 March 2012, by week of report
Data table for ASPREN Figure 2
During this reporting period, consultation rates for gastroenteritis averaged 5 cases per 1,000 consultations (range 4–7 cases per 1,000, Figure 3). This was similar to rates in the same reporting period in 2011 where the average was 6 cases per 1,000 consultations (range 4–7 cases per 1,000).
Figure 3: Consultation rates for gastroenteritis, ASPREN, 1 January 2011 to 31 March 2012, by week of report
Data table for ASPREN Figure 3
Varicella infections were reported at a lower rate for the 1st quarter of 2012 compared with the same period in 2011. From 1 January to 31 March 2012, recorded rates for chickenpox averaged 0.1 cases per 1,000 consultations (range 0–0.3 cases per 1,000 consultations, Figure 4).
Figure 4: Consultation rates for chickenpox, ASPREN, 1 January 2011 to 31 March 2012, by week of report
Data table for ASPREN Figure 4
In the 1st quarter of 2012, reported rates for shingles averaged 0.9 cases per 1,000 consultations (range 0.5–2.1 cases per 1,000 consultations, Figure 5), slightly lower compared with the same reporting period in 2011 where the average shingles rate was 1.0 case per 1,000 consultations (range 0.4–1.7 cases per 1,000 consultations).
Figure 5: Consultation rates for shingles, ASPREN, 1 January 2011 to March 2012, by week of report
Data table for ASPREN Figure 5
Gonococcal surveillance
Dr Monica M Lahra, The Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, NSW, 2031 for the Australian Gonococcal Surveillance Programme
The Australian Gonococcal Surveillance Programme (AGSP) reference laboratories in the various states and territories report data quarterly on sensitivity to an agreed ‘core’ group of antimicrobial agents. The antibiotics routinely surveyed are penicillin, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin and spectinomycin, which are current or potential agents used for the treatment of gonorrhoea. When clinical resistance to a recommended agent is demonstrated in 5% or more of isolates from a general population, it is usual to remove that agent from the list of recommended treatments.1 Additional data are also provided on other antibiotics from time to time. At present all laboratories also test isolates for the presence of high level (plasmid-mediated) resistance to the tetracyclines, known as TRNG. Tetracyclines are however not a recommended therapy for gonorrhoea in Australia. Comparability of data is achieved by means of a standardised system of testing and a programme-specific quality assurance process. Because of the substantial geographic differences in susceptibility patterns in Australia, regional as well as aggregated data are presented.
Reporting period 1 January to 31 March 2012
The AGSP laboratories received a total of 1,262 isolates in the first quarter of 2012 of which 1,238 (98%) were viable and underwent susceptibility testing. This number is higher than the 1,059 isolates referred in this period in 2011. Approximately 36% of this total was from New South Wales; 25% from Victoria; 16% from Queensland; 11% from Western Australia; 8% from the Northern Territory; 3% from South Australia and 1% from the Australian Capital Territory. A small number of isolates were received from Tasmania.
Penicillins
In this quarter, 375 (30%) of all isolates examined were penicillin resistant by one or more mechanisms. One hundred and seventy-four (14%) were penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoea (PPNG); and 201 (16%) had chromosomally mediated resistance to penicillin (CMRP). This first quarter in 2012 saw an increase in penicillin resistance in gonococci by any mechanism since the decreasing trend from 2007 (2011: 22%; 2010: 32%; 2009: 39%; 2008: 45%; and 2007: 39%). Whilst the proportion nationally of PPNG has remained stable at 11%–13% over the period 2007–2011, the proportion of gonococci with CMRP has decreased in the same quarter from 26%–32% in 2007–2009, to 20% in 2010 then to 11% in 2011. However, in the first quarter of 2012 the proportion of CMRP has increased to 16%. Penicillin resistance will continue to be monitored over 2012.
The proportion of strains in each jurisdiction resistant to the penicillins by any mechanism ranged from 1.1% in the Northern Territory to 57% in Victoria. In Victoria, there were 312 strains tested and of these there were 117 CMRP (37%) and 61 PPNG (20%); in New South Wales of 447 strains tested there were 47 CMRP (10%) and 72 PPNG (16%); in Queensland of 205 strains tested there were 24 CMRP (12%) and 20 PPNG (10%), and in Western Australia of 130 strains tested there were 8 CMRP (6%) and 13 PPNG (10%). In South Australia in this quarter, there was an increase in the proportion of penicillin resistance from 11% reported in 2011, to 25% reported in 2012 where 36 isolates tested were penicillin resistant (14% CMRP: 11% PPNG). However in South Australia in the first quarter of 2010 46% of isolates had penicillin resistance by any mechanism. No CMRP, but 1 PPNG strain was found in the Northern Territory, and the geographic acquisition of this isolate was unknown. There were 3 PPNG in the Australian Capital Territory but no CMRP and no penicillin resistance reported for the one isolate from Tasmania.
The proportions of gonococci fully sensitive (MIC ≤ 0.03 mg/L); less sensitive (MIC 0.06–0.5 mg/L); CMRP (MIC ≥ 1 mg/L) and PPNG aggregated for Australia by state or territory are shown in Figure 1. A high proportion of those strains classified as PPNG or CMRP fail to respond to treatment with penicillins (penicillin; amoxycillin; ampicillin) and early generation cephalosporins.
Figure 1: Categorisation of gonococci isolated in Australia, 1 January to 31 March, 2012, by penicillin susceptibility and state or territory
FS Fully sensitive to penicillin, MIC ≤ 0.03 mg/L.
LS Less sensitive to penicillin, MIC 0.06–0.5 mg/L.
CMRP Chromosomally mediated resistant to penicillin, MIC ≥ 1 mg/L.
PPNG Penicillinase producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
Data table for gonococcal surveillence Figure 1
There was an increase in the proportion of isolates with penicillin resistance in Victoria, Queensland South Australia and the Australian Capital Territory, however in New South Wales and Western Australia the proportion was unchanged from the same quarter in 2011.
Quinolones
Quinolone resistant N. gonorrhoeae (QRNG) are defined as those isolates with a MIC to ciprofloxacin equal to or greater than 0.06 mg/L. QRNG are further subdivided into less sensitive (ciprofloxacin MICs 0.06–0.5 mg/L) or resistant (MIC ≥ 1 mg/L) groups.
There were 372 (30%) QRNG detected in the first quarter of 2012. All but 12 of the 372 QRNG detected had ciprofloxacin MICs of 1 mg/L or more; and 324 (87% of QRNG) had ciprofloxacin MICs of 4 mg/L or more. The proportion of QRNG (30%) in this quarter nationally was similar to the equivalent quarter in 2011 (27%); but lower than previous equivalent periods ( 2010: 38%; 2009: 46%; and 2008: 35%).
The distribution of quinolone resistant isolates of N. gonorrhoeae in Australia by jurisdiction is shown in Figure 2. The highest proportion of QRNG was found in Victoria with 53% of all isolates; in South Australia 31% of isolates were QRNG; in New South Wales 27% and in Western Australia 22% of isolates were QRNG.
The increase in QRNG in Victoria, Queensland and South Australia parallels the increase in penicillin resistance noted in these jurisdictions in this quarter, whereas in New South Wales the proportion of penicillin resistance remained similar and it was decreased in Western Australia.
There were 8 QRNG detected in the Australian Capital Territory; one in Tasmania; and there were none in the Northern Territory.
Figure 2: The distribution of quinolone resistant isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Australia, 1 January to 31 March, 2012, by state or territory
LS QRNG Ciprofloxacin MICs 0.06–0.5 mg/L.
R QRNG Ciprofloxacin MICs ≥ 1 mg/L.
Data table for gonococcal surveillance Figure 2
Ceftriaxone
Forty-four gonococcal isolates (3.5%) with decreased susceptibility to ceftriaxone (MIC range 0.06–0.12 mg/L) were detected nationally, which was slightly higher than the 2.7% detected in the same quarter in 2011 but markedly less than the proportion (6.1%) detected in the same quarter in 2010. There were 21 in Victoria; 17 in New South Wales; 3 in Queensland; 2 in Western Australia; and 1 in the Austalian Capital Territory. There were no isolates with decreased susceptibility to ceftriaxone detected in South Australia; the Northern Territory or Tasmania. The small increase in the proportion of isolates with decreased susceptibility to ceftriaxone (MIC ≥ 0.06 mg/L) corresponds with the increase in CMRP resistant gonococci and QRNG also reported in this first quarter of 2011. It is possible that the small increase in numbers of isolates with decreased susceptibility to ceftriaxone together with an increase in CMRP and QRNG, reflects a clonal shift from that which was evident in 2010 and 2011.
Spectinomycin
All isolates were susceptible to this injectable agent. This antibiotic is not readily available in Australia.
Tetracycline
The following data relate to a form of high-level plasmid mediated resistance to the tetracyclines, and gonococcal isolates possessing this plasmid are known as tetracycline resistant N. gonorrhoeae (TRNG). Nationally, the number (168) and the proportion (14%) of TRNG detected in the first quarter of 2012 was lower than that reported in the same quarter of 2010 (TRNG:20%) and 2011 (TRNG: 21%). TRNG were found in all states and territories except Tasmania; and proportions ranged from 8% in the Australian Capital Territory to 22% of isolates in Western Australia. In the Northern Territory, the proportion of TRNG was (10%) markedly lower than for the same quarter in 2011 (TRNG: 28%) and 2010 (TRNG: 18%).
Reference
1. Management of sexually transmitted diseases. World Health Organization 1997; Document WHO/GPA/TEM94.1 Rev.1 p 37.
HIV and AIDS surveillance
National surveillance for HIV disease is coordinated by the Kirby Institute, in collaboration with state and territory health authorities and the Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing. Cases of HIV infection are notified to the National HIV Registry on the first occasion of diagnosis in Australia, by either the diagnosing laboratory (Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales, Tasmania, Victoria) or by a combination of laboratory and doctor sources (Northern Territory, Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia). Cases of AIDS are notified through the state and territory health authorities to the National AIDS Registry. Diagnoses of both HIV infection and AIDS are notified with the person’s date of birth and name code, to minimise duplicate notifications while maintaining confidentiality.
Tabulations of diagnoses of HIV infection and AIDS are based on data available 3 months after the end of the reporting interval indicated, to allow for reporting delay and to incorporate newly available information. More detailed information on diagnoses of HIV infection and AIDS is published in the quarterly Australian HIV Surveillance Report, and annually in ‘HIV, viral hepatitis and sexually transmissible infections in Australia, Annual Surveillance Report’. The reports are available from the Kirby Institute, CFI Building, Cnr Boundary and West Streets, Darlinghurst NSW 2010. Internet: http://www.kirby.unsw.edu.au/ Telephone: +61 2 9385 0900. Facsimile: +61 2 9385 0920. For more information see Commun Dis Intell 2012;36(1):123.
HIV and AIDS diagnoses and deaths following AIDS reported for 1 July to 30 September 2011, are included in this issue of Communicable Diseases Intelligence (Tables 1 and 2).
Table 1: Number of new diagnoses of HIV infection, new diagnoses of AIDS and deaths following AIDS occurring in the period 1 July to 30 September 2011, by sex and state or territory of diagnosis
| State or terriory | Totals for Australia | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex |
ACT | NSW | NT | Qld | SA | Tas | Vic | WA | This period 2011 | This period 2010 | YTD 2011 | YTD 2010 | |
| HIV diagnoses | Female | 0 |
11 |
1 |
2 |
4 |
1 |
8 |
9 |
36 |
36 |
105 |
114 |
| Male | 1 |
85 |
4 |
47 |
16 |
4 |
73 |
10 |
240 |
223 |
766 |
700 |
|
| Not reported | 0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
| Total* | 1 |
96 |
5 |
49 |
20 |
5 |
81 |
19 |
276 |
260 |
871 |
819 |
|
| AIDS diagnoses | Female | 0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
2 |
0 |
2 |
2 |
11 |
10 |
| Male | 0 |
10 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
15 |
1 |
28 |
25 |
77 |
78 |
|
| Total* | 0 |
10 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
17 |
1 |
30 |
27 |
88 |
88 |
|
| AIDS deaths | Female | 0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
2 |
0 |
3 |
1 |
| Male | 0 |
4 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
4 |
0 |
8 |
4 |
15 |
15 |
|
| Total* | 0 |
5 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
5 |
0 |
10 |
4 |
18 |
16 |
|
* Totals include people whose sex was reported as transgender.
Table 2: Number of new diagnoses of HIV infection since the introduction of HIV antibody testing 1985, and number of new diagnoses of AIDS and deaths following AIDS since 1981, cumulative to 30 September 2011, by sex and state or territory
| State or territory | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex |
ACT | NSW | NT | Qld | SA | Tas | Vic | WA | Aust | |
| HIV diagnoses | Female | 40 |
1,066 |
32 |
417 |
144 |
25 |
526 |
323 |
2,573 |
| Male | 299 |
15,113 |
170 |
3,602 |
1,146 |
151 |
6,478 |
1,522 |
28,481 |
|
| Not reported | 0 |
227 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
22 |
0 |
249 |
|
| Total* | 339 |
16,441 |
202 |
4,028 |
1,291 |
176 |
7,050 |
1,852 |
31,379 |
|
| AIDS diagnoses | Female | 10 |
288 |
6 |
80 |
32 |
4 |
134 |
50 |
604 |
| Male | 95 |
5,669 |
53 |
1,115 |
427 |
56 |
2,240 |
472 |
10,127 |
|
| Total* | 105 |
5,976 |
59 |
1,197 |
460 |
60 |
2,387 |
524 |
10,768 |
|
| AIDS deaths | Female | 7 |
144 |
1 |
44 |
20 |
2 |
67 |
30 |
315 |
| Male | 73 |
3,618 |
33 |
687 |
281 |
34 |
1,472 |
301 |
6,499 |
|
| Total* | 80 |
3,773 |
34 |
733 |
301 |
36 |
1,548 |
332 |
6,837 |
|
* Totals include 76 HIV diagnoses, 37 AIDS diagnoses and 23 deaths in people whose sex was reported as transgender.
Meningococcal Surveillance Australia
Monica M Lahra, Rodney Enriquez for the Australian Meningococcal Surveillance Programme
The reference laboratories of the Australian Meningococcal Surveillance Programme report data on the number of cases confirmed by laboratory testing using culture and by non-culture based techniques. Culture positive cases, where Neisseria meningitidis is grown from a normally sterile site or skin lesions, and non-culture based diagnoses, derived from results of nucleic acid amplification assays (NAA) and serological techniques, are defined as invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) according to Public Health Laboratory Network definitions. Data contained in quarterly reports are restricted to a description of the numbers of cases by jurisdiction and serogroup, where known. Some minor corrections to data in the Table may be made in subsequent reports if additional data are received. A full analysis of laboratory confirmed cases of IMD in each calendar year is contained in the annual reports of the Programme published in Communicable Diseases Intelligence. For more information see Commun Dis Intell 2012;36(1):121.
Laboratory confirmed cases of invasive meningococcal disease for the period 1 January to 31 March 2012 are included in this issue of Communicable Diseases Intelligence (Table).
Table: Number of laboratory confirmed cases of invasive meningococcal disease, Australia, 1 January to 31 March 2012, by serogroup and state or territory
| Serogroup | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | B | C | Y | W135 | ND | All | |||||||||
State or territory |
Year | Q1 | YTD | Q1 | YTD | Q1 | YTD | Q1 | YTD | Q1 | YTD | Q1 | YTD | Q1 | YTD |
Australian Capital Territory |
12 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
11 |
0 |
0 |
2 |
2 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
2 |
2 |
|
New South Wales |
12 |
0 |
0 |
6 |
6 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
3 |
3 |
9 |
9 |
11 |
0 |
0 |
10 |
10 |
0 |
0 |
3 |
3 |
2 |
2 |
7 |
7 |
22 |
22 |
|
Northern Territory |
12 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
11 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
|
Queensland |
12 |
0 |
0 |
10 |
10 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
11 |
11 |
11 |
0 |
0 |
8 |
8 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
11 |
11 |
|
South Australia |
12 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
11 |
0 |
0 |
4 |
4 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
5 |
5 |
|
Tasmania |
12 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
11 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
2 |
2 |
|
Victoria |
12 |
0 |
0 |
7 |
7 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
7 |
7 |
11 |
0 |
0 |
10 |
10 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
10 |
10 |
|
Western Australia |
12 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
4 |
4 |
11 |
0 |
0 |
4 |
4 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
4 |
4 |
|
Total |
12 |
0 |
0 |
24 |
24 |
3 |
3 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
4 |
4 |
32 |
32 |
11 |
0 |
0 |
39 |
39 |
2 |
2 |
4 |
4 |
4 |
4 |
8 |
8 |
57 |
57 |
|
Appendix - data for Figures
Childhood immunisation coverage
Figure: Trends in vaccination coverage, Australia, 1997 to 31 December 2011, by age cohorts. Data are rates for fully immunised at the specified months of age.
| Assessed at | 12 months | 24 months | 60 months* | 72 months* |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 31 Mar 97 | 74.9 |
|||
| 30 Jun 97 | 75.9 |
|||
| 30 Sep 97 | 76.7 |
|||
| 31 Dec 97 | 78.6 |
|||
| 31 Mar 98 | 80.2 |
63.8 |
||
| 30 Jun 98 | 84.3 |
66.1 |
||
| 30 Sep 98 | 84.5 |
68.8 |
||
| 31 Dec 98 | 84.9 |
70.3 |
||
| 31 Mar 99 | 86.1 |
73.5 |
||
| 30 Jun 99 | 86.5 |
75.9 |
||
| 30 Sep 99 | 87 |
74.9 |
||
| 31 Dec 99 | 88.1 |
76.7 |
||
| 31 Mar 00 | 88.4 |
81.7 |
||
| 30 Jun 00 | 89 |
83.4 |
||
| 30 Sep 00 | 91.3 |
85.1 |
||
| 31 Dec 00 | 91.2 |
84.8 |
||
| 31 Mar 01 | 91.5 |
86.6 |
||
| 30 Jun 01 | 91.2 |
87 |
||
| 30 Sep 01 | 90.4 |
88 |
||
| 31 Dec 01 | 90.5 |
87.8 |
||
| 31 Mar 02 | 90.2 |
88.1 |
80.6 |
|
| 30 Jun 02 | 91.2 |
88.8 |
81.4 |
|
| 30 Sep 02 | 91.7 |
89.4 |
82.2 |
|
| 31 Dec 02 | 91.4 |
89 |
82.2 |
|
| 30 Mar 03 | 91.2 |
89.3 |
82.3 |
|
| 30 Jun 03 | 91.7 |
89.2 |
83.1 |
|
| 30 Sep 03 | 91 |
91.6 |
83.7 |
|
| 31 Dec 03 | 91.1 |
91.5 |
83.5 |
|
| 31 Mar 04 | 90.9 |
91.7 |
83.5 |
|
| 30 Jun 04 | 91.3 |
92.3 |
83.6 |
30 Sep 04 | 91.2 |
91.7 |
83.6 |
| 31 Dec 04 | 90.7 |
91.7 |
83.3 |
|
| 31 Mar 05 | 91 |
91.8 |
83.2 |
|
| 30 Jun 05 | 91 |
92.1 |
83.8 |
|
| 30 Sep 05 | 91 |
92.1 |
84 |
|
| 31 Dec 05 | 90.2 |
92.1 |
83.8 |
|
| 31 Mar 06 | 90.7 |
92.4 |
82.7 |
|
| 30 Jun 06 | 90.8 |
92.2 |
86.2 |
|
| 30 Sep 06 | 91.2 |
92.4 |
88 |
|
| 31 Dec 06 | 91 |
92 |
88 |
|
| 31 Mar 07 | 91.2 |
92.5 |
87.9 |
|
| 30 Jun 07 | 91.3 |
92.5 |
88.6 |
|
| 30 Sep 07 | 91.5 |
93 |
88.8 |
|
| 31 Dec 07 | 91.3 |
92.8 |
79 |
|
| 31 Mar 08 | 91.2 |
92.8 |
80.4 |
|
| 30 Jun 08 | 91.2 |
92.5 |
78.8 |
|
| 30 Sep 08 | 91.3 |
92.7 |
79.4 |
|
| 31 Dec 08 | 91.7 |
92.5 |
80.7 |
|
| 31 Mar 09 | 91.3 |
92.9 |
82.4 |
|
| 30 Jun 09 | 92 |
92.7 |
82.1 |
|
| 30 Sep 09 | 91.6 |
91 |
82.6 |
|
| 31 Dec 09 | 91.4 |
92 |
83.8 |
|
| 31 Mar 10 | 91.5 |
92.4 |
89.6 |
|
| 30 Jun 10 | 91.7 |
92.7 |
89.1 |
|
| 30 Sep 10 | 91.4 |
92.6 |
89.4 |
|
| 31 Dec 10 | 91.8 |
92.7 |
89.2 |
|
| 31 Mar 11 | 90.3 |
92.8 |
89.6 |
|
| 30 Jun 11 | 92.1 |
92.8 |
89.3 |
|
| 30 Sep 11 | 91.8 |
92.6 |
89.9 |
|
| 31 Dec 11 | 91.4 |
92.7 |
90.1 |
* Assessment changed from at 72 months of age to 60 months of age from the assessment period ending 31 December 2007.
Australian Sentinel Practices Research Network
Figure 1: Consultation rates for influenza like illness, ASPREN, 1 January 2011 to 31 March 2012, by week of report
| 2011 | 2012 | |
|---|---|---|
Week |
Per 1000 Consults | Per 1000 Consults |
Week 1 |
5.3 |
6.02 |
Week 2 |
2.4 |
4.61 |
Week 3 |
4.2 |
4.10 |
Week 4 |
4.8 |
5.11 |
Week 5 |
3.8 |
4.29 |
Week 6 |
4.6 |
4.62 |
Week 7 |
4.2 |
2.57 |
Week 8 |
5.0 |
4.22 |
Week 9 |
4.8 |
2.76 |
Week 10 |
5.8 |
1.88 |
Week 11 |
4.6 |
6.18 |
Week 12 |
4.7 |
5.35 |
Week 13 |
5.9 |
5.90 |
Week 14 |
4.3 |
|
Week 15 |
6.6 |
|
Week 16 |
5.0 |
|
Week 17 |
7.3 |
|
Week 18 |
5.3 |
|
Week 19 |
4.1 |
|
Week 20 |
5.0 |
|
Week 21 |
5.6 |
|
Week 22 |
6.8 |
|
Week 23 |
8.6 |
|
Week 24 |
10.7 |
|
Week 25 |
13.5 |
|
Week 26 |
10.6 |
|
Week 27 |
17.3 |
|
Week 28 |
11.4 |
|
Week 29 |
20.8 |
|
Week 30 |
21.4 |
|
Week 31 |
20.0 |
|
Week 32 |
23.5 |
|
Week 33 |
24.4 |
|
Week 34 |
20.7 |
|
Week 35 |
19.3 |
|
Week 36 |
18.8 |
|
Week 37 |
16.8 |
|
Week 38 |
18.6 |
|
Week 39 |
19.7 |
|
Week 40 |
13.2 |
|
Week 41 |
10.8 |
|
Week 42 |
9.6 |
|
Week 43 |
8.0 |
|
Week 44 |
6.6 |
|
Week 45 |
8.2 |
|
Week 46 |
7.5 |
|
Week 47 |
6.2 |
|
Week 48 |
7.1 |
|
Week 49 |
6.6 |
|
Week 50 |
6.4 |
|
Week 51 |
5.6 |
|
Week 52 |
8.0 |
Figure 2: Influenza-like illness swab testing results, ASPREN, 1 January to 31 March 2012, by week of report
| Influenza A Untyped | H1N1 (2009) | Influenza B | RSV | Parainfluenza Virus Type 1 | Parainfluenza Virus Type 2 | Parainfluenza Virus Type 3 | Adenovirus | Rhinovirus | Metapneumovirus | Enterovirus | Mycoplasma pneumoniae | Pertussis | Proportion Positive for Influenza | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Week 1 | 0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
| Week 2 | 0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
2 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
2 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
| Week 3 | 2 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
15 |
| Week 4 | 4 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
36 |
| Week 5 | 0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
| Week 6 | 1 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
18 |
| Week 7 | 0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
8 |
| Week 8 | 0 |
0 |
0 |
2 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
| Week 9 | 0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
| Week 10 | 1 |
0 |
2 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
2 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
23 |
| Week 11 | 2 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
18 |
| Week 12 | 3 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
15 |
| Week 13 | 3 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
7 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
20 |
Figure 3: Consultation rates for gastroenteritis, ASPREN, 1 January 2011 to 31 March 2012, by week of report
| 2011 | 2012 | |
|---|---|---|
Week |
Per 1000 Consults | Per 1000 Consults |
Week 1 |
6.8 |
6.9 |
Week 2 |
6.1 |
4.6 |
Week 3 |
6.5 |
5.4 |
Week 4 |
5.4 |
5.5 |
Week 5 |
5.5 |
5.9 |
Week 6 |
6.1 |
4.3 |
Week 7 |
4.4 |
4.3 |
Week 8 |
4.9 |
4.9 |
Week 9 |
4.9 |
3.5 |
Week 10 |
5.8 |
4.2 |
Week 11 |
5.5 |
5.7 |
Week 12 |
5.5 |
4.8 |
Week 13 |
5.5 |
4.8 |
Week 14 |
4.1 |
|
Week 15 |
4.9 |
|
Week 16 |
4.7 |
|
Week 17 |
3.1 |
|
Week 18 |
3.8 |
|
Week 19 |
5.1 |
|
Week 20 |
4.2 |
|
Week 21 |
4.5 |
|
Week 22 |
3.8 |
|
Week 23 |
5.5 |
|
Week 24 |
5.7 |
|
Week 25 |
5.7 |
|
Week 26 |
4.8 |
|
Week 27 |
6.1 |
|
Week 28 |
6.2 |
|
Week 29 |
5.5 |
|
Week 30 |
6.7 |
|
Week 31 |
5.2 |
|
Week 32 |
4.5 |
|
Week 33 |
5.0 |
|
Week 34 |
4.5 |
|
Week 35 |
4.4 |
|
Week 36 |
5.6 |
|
Week 37 |
4.3 |
|
Week 38 |
5.4 |
|
Week 39 |
5.5 |
|
Week 40 |
5.8 |
|
Week 41 |
4.6 |
|
Week 42 |
3.3 |
|
Week 43 |
4.8 |
|
Week 44 |
5.7 |
|
Week 45 |
4.7 |
|
Week 46 |
3.8 |
|
Week 47 |
6.0 |
|
Week 48 |
6.1 |
|
Week 49 |
6.0 |
|
Week 50 |
7.4 |
|
Week 51 |
6.1 |
|
Week 52 |
12.2 |
Figure 4: Consultation rates for chickenpox, ASPREN 1 January 2011 to 31 March 2012, by week of report
| 2011 | 2012 | |
|---|---|---|
Week |
Per 1000 Consults | Per 1000 Consults |
Week 1 |
0.7 |
0.0 |
Week 2 |
0.6 |
0.0 |
Week 3 |
0.3 |
0.1 |
Week 4 |
0.2 |
0.1 |
Week 5 |
0.2 |
0.1 |
Week 6 |
0.3 |
0.0 |
Week 7 |
0.2 |
0.3 |
Week 8 |
0.1 |
0.4 |
Week 9 |
0.3 |
0.3 |
Week 10 |
0.3 |
0.2 |
Week 11 |
0.1 |
0.2 |
Week 12 |
0.2 |
0.0 |
Week 13 |
0.1 |
0.3 |
Week 14 |
0.1 |
|
Week 15 |
0.2 |
|
Week 16 |
0.4 |
|
Week 17 |
0.1 |
|
Week 18 |
0.0 |
|
Week 19 |
0.3 |
|
Week 20 |
0.2 |
|
Week 21 |
0.0 |
|
Week 22 |
0.1 |
|
Week 23 |
0.2 |
|
Week 24 |
0.1 |
|
Week 25 |
0.3 |
|
Week 26 |
0.7 |
|
Week 27 |
0.3 |
|
Week 28 |
0.2 |
|
Week 29 |
0.3 |
|
Week 30 |
0.5 |
|
Week 31 |
0.4 |
|
Week 32 |
0.2 |
|
Week 33 |
0.6 |
|
Week 34 |
0.6 |
|
Week 35 |
0.3 |
|
Week 36 |
0.4 |
|
Week 37 |
0.6 |
|
Week 38 |
0.6 |
|
Week 39 |
0.2 |
|
Week 40 |
0.5 |
|
Week 41 |
0.2 |
|
Week 42 |
0.2 |
|
Week 43 |
0.3 |
|
Week 44 |
0.1 |
|
Week 45 |
0.1 |
|
Week 46 |
0.6 |
|
Week 47 |
0.3 |
|
Week 48 |
0.1 |
|
Week 49 |
0.3 |
|
Week 50 |
0.3 |
|
Week 51 |
0.3 |
|
Week 52 |
0.8 |
Figure 5: Consultation rates for shingles, ASPREN, 1 January 2011 to March 2012, by week of report
| 2011 | 2012 | |
|---|---|---|
Week |
Per 1000 Consults | Per 1000 Consults |
Week 1 |
1.7 |
2.1 |
Week 2 |
0.9 |
0.8 |
Week 3 |
0.9 |
1.2 |
Week 4 |
1.2 |
0.9 |
Week 5 |
0.4 |
0.6 |
Week 6 |
1.1 |
0.8 |
Week 7 |
0.8 |
0.5 |
Week 8 |
0.9 |
0.5 |
Week 9 |
1.1 |
0.9 |
Week 10 |
0.9 |
0.9 |
Week 11 |
0.9 |
1.0 |
Week 12 |
1.1 |
0.6 |
Week 13 |
1.0 |
0.6 |
Week 14 |
0.4 |
|
Week 15 |
0.9 |
|
Week 16 |
0.6 |
|
Week 17 |
0.3 |
|
Week 18 |
0.4 |
|
Week 19 |
0.2 |
|
Week 20 |
1.0 |
|
Week 21 |
0.6 |
|
Week 22 |
0.6 |
|
Week 23 |
0.5 |
|
Week 24 |
0.8 |
|
Week 25 |
0.7 |
|
Week 26 |
0.9 |
|
Week 27 |
0.7 |
|
Week 28 |
0.5 |
|
Week 29 |
0.9 |
|
Week 30 |
1.3 |
|
Week 31 |
0.5 |
|
Week 32 |
0.6 |
|
Week 33 |
0.7 |
|
Week 34 |
1.3 |
|
Week 35 |
1.0 |
|
Week 36 |
0.8 |
|
Week 37 |
0.6 |
|
Week 38 |
0.8 |
|
Week 39 |
0.5 |
|
Week 40 |
0.2 |
|
Week 41 |
0.5 |
|
Week 42 |
0.5 |
|
Week 43 |
1.0 |
|
Week 44 |
0.2 |
|
Week 45 |
1.8 |
|
Week 46 |
0.9 |
|
Week 47 |
0.5 |
|
Week 48 |
0.7 |
|
Week 49 |
1.1 |
|
Week 50 |
0.9 |
|
Week 51 |
1.0 |
|
Week 52 |
1.7 |
Gonococcal surveillance
Figure 1: Categorisation of gonococci isolated in Australia, 1 January to 31 March, 2012, by penicillin susceptibility and state or territory
| NSW | NT | Qld | SA | Vic | WA | Aus | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
FS |
1.8 |
2.1 |
2 |
2.8 |
0 |
4.6 |
2 |
LS |
71.6 |
96.8 |
76.6 |
72.2 |
43 |
79.2 |
67.7 |
CMRP |
10.5 |
0 |
11.7 |
13.9 |
37.5 |
6.2 |
16.2 |
PPNG |
16.1 |
1.1 |
9.7 |
11.1 |
19.5 |
10 |
14.1 |
Figure 2: The distribution of quinolone resistant isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Australia, 1 January to 31 March, 2012, by state or territory
| NSW | NT | Qld | SA | Vic | WA | Aus | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All QRNG |
27.1 |
1.1 |
17.1 |
30.5 |
53.2 |
22.3 |
30.1 |
LS QRNG |
0.5 |
0 |
0.5 |
8.3 |
0.6 |
2.3 |
1 |
R QRNG |
26.6 |
1.1 |
16.6 |
22.2 |
52.6 |
20 |
29.1 |
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Communicable Diseases Surveillance
This issue - Vol 36 No 2, June 2012
Communicable Diseases Intelligence